This thesis was designed to analyze the quantitative relationships between climate, cropping systems and soil fertility in the context of the hilly areas of central Italy, through field experiments at microcatchment and plot scale and simulation model.
The study relies on two different experiments:
- Experiment 1: Quantitative analysis of the impact of climate change on durum wheat - sunflower rotation, based on the field monitoring of cropping systems of two microcatchments in a hilly area of central Italy, using CropSyst simulation model.
- Experiment 2: Quantitative analysis of the long term impact of different cropping systems based on durum wheat - maize rotation on soil carbon dynamics. This study is based on a long term field experiment testing the effects of tillage and nitrogen fertilization rates on soil fertility and on simulations made with the DSSAT 4.0 model.
In the first experiment, yield and soil carbon effects were analyzed, in relation to increased atmospheric temperatures and CO
2 atmospheric concentration as forecasted by different future climate scenarios.
Simulation outputs have shown that the grain yield of both crops would not be affected by expected climate changes in the medium term (40 years). The long term (100 years) climate change scenario, would not affect sunflower productivity, while expected temperature increases are likely to have negative effects on durum wheat yield, as a consequence of the reduction of the vegetative stages, that would result into insufficient LAI to support current production standards. These effects may be also related to the reduced soil mineral nitrogen availability caused by the higher mineralization rates which would result in the long term into a progressive reduction of the soil organic matter. CropSyst simulations of the organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization dynamics proved to be not sufficiently accurate when compared to field experimental data.
The objective of the second experiment was to support the development of sustainable cropping systems based on the durum wheat - corn rotation in an hilly rainfed area. The medium and long term dynamics of three different soil organic pools was analysed in relation to contrasting nitrogen fertilization rates (0-90-180 Kg/ha
-1) and different tillage techniques (conventional tillage vs. no tillage). Simulation outputs were consistent with field data collected from the long term experiment. Results show a substantial stability of soil organic carbon with 0 to 90 kg ha
-1 N, while the high input treatment (180 Kg/ha
-1N) the model estimated a positive trend of the organic carbon. However, the study evidenced that the DSSAT simulations of the long term tillage effects on organic carbon dynamics in such extreme soil types require further attention.
The research activity reported in this study has been funded by MiPAF within the CLIMAGRI Research Project (www.climagri.it) and by the FISR Program within the Italian Research Project "SOILSINK".